Expressive dimensions of pain catastrophizing: A comparative analysis of school children and children with clinical pain ☆

Abstract

We investigated the role of the child's pain catastrophizing in explaining (1) children's self-reported tendency to verbally share their pain experience with others and (2) different dimensions of pain expression, as described by the mother and the father, including non-verbal and verbal communicative pain behaviour and protective pain behaviour. Participants were school children, children with chronic or recurrent pain, and their parents. The results showed that: (1) Pain catastrophizing was associated with children's greater self-acknowledged tendency to verbally share their pain experience with others. (2) Mothers and fathers perceived highly catastrophizing children to be more communicative about their pain. (3) The role of pain catastrophizing in the child's verbal sharing of pain experiences and in explaining expressive behaviour as rated by parents did not differ between the school children and children with recurrent and chronic pain. (4) Nevertheless, findings indicated marked differences between school children and the clinical sample. Children of the clinical sample experienced more severe pain, more pain catastrophizing, more protective pain behaviour, but less verbal communications about their pain. These results further corroborate the position that catastrophic thoughts about pain have interpersonal consequences. Findings are discussed in terms of the possible functions and effects upon others of pain catastrophizing and associated categories of pain behaviour.