Mechanical behavior of two hamstring graft constructs for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Abstract

We compared the mechanical behavior of two common hamstring graft constructs that are frequently used for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament—Graft A: quadrupled semitendinosus tendon fixed with titanium button/polyester tape and suture/screw post, and Graft B: a double semitendinosus and double gracilis tendon fixed with a cross pin and two screws over washers. The experimental protocol used to evaluate each graft construct included stress relaxation (with and without preconditioning), cyclic loading, and a tensile load‐to‐failure test. The amount of stress relaxation without preconditioning was 60.6% for Graft A and 53.8% for Graft B. With preconditioning, it significantly decreased (p < 0.05) to 48.7 and 42.3%. respectively. Elongation of the graft construct in response to 100 cycles of loading (20–150 N) was 1.8 and 0.6% of the original length for Grafts A and B. respectively. However, after a series of five cyclic loading tests, the residual permanent elongation for each construct was 3.8 ± 1.2 and 0.3 ± 0.2 mm, a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two graft constructs. Further analysis found more than 90% of the permanent elongation in the proximal and distal regions of Graft A, which consisted of polyester tape tied to a titanium button (proximal) and sutures tied around a screw post (distal). The tensile load‐to‐failure tests also revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two graft constructs. Linear stiffness was 32 ± 1 and 119 ± 19 Nmm and ultimate load was 415 ± 36 and 658 ± 128 N for Grafts A and B, respectively. For Graft A, the polyester tape consistently failed; for Graft B, slippage or tearing from the washers was the mode of failure. We conclude that a quadruple‐hamstring graft fixed over a cross pin proximally and with metal washers distally (Graft B) has less permanent elongation in response to cyclic loading and has structural properties superior to those of a graft construct that includes suture and tape material (Graft A). The large permanent elongation following repetitive loading of a graft construct with tape and suture material during the early postoperative period is of concern.