Well-Defined Protein−Polymer Conjugates via in Situ RAFT Polymerization

Abstract

Biotechnology, biomedicine, and nanotechnology applications would benefit from methods generating well-defined, monodisperse protein−polymer conjugates, avoiding time-consuming and difficult purification steps. Herein, we report the in situ synthesis of protein−polymer conjugates via reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) as an efficient method to generate well-defined, homogeneous protein−polymer conjugates in one step, eliminating major postpolymerization purification steps. A water soluble RAFT agent was conjugated to a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), via its free thiol group at Cys-34 residue. The conjugation of the RAFT agent to BSA was confirmed by UV−visible spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight (MALDI-TOF), and ¹H NMR. BSA−macroRAFT agent was then used to control the polymerization of two different water soluble monomers, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), in aqueous medium at 25 °C. The growth of the polymer chains from BSA−macroRAFT agent was characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ¹H NMR, MALDI-TOF, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analyses. The controlled character of the RAFT polymerizations was confirmed by the linear evolution of molecular weight with monomer conversion. The SEC analyses showed no detectable free, nonconjugated polymer formation during the in situ polymerization. The efficiency of BSA−macroRAFT agent to generate BSA−polymer conjugates was found to be ca. 1 by deconvolution of the SEC traces of the polymerization mixtures. The structural integrity and the conformation-related esterase activity of BSA were found to be unaffected by the polymerization conditions and the conjugation of the polymer chain. BSA−poly(NIPAAm) conjugates showed hybrid temperature-dependent phase separation and aggregation behavior. The lower critical solution temperature values of the conjugates were found to increase with the decrease in molecular weight of poly(NIPAAm) block conjugated to BSA.