First approved inhaled insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus
- 21 December 2006
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Informa Healthcare in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
- Vol. 4 (1), 63-76
- https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.4.1.63
Abstract
The long-term benefits of tight glycemic control in preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications are well established in both Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Nonetheless, achievement of recommended haemoglobin A1c (HbA(1c)) goals (< or = 6.5 - 7.0%) has remained elusive, especially in patients with diabetes who require insulin therapy. Delayed/suboptimal titration of insulin is partly related to poor acceptance of multiple injection regimen by both physicians and patients. EXUBERA (human insulin [rDNA origin]; Pfizer), the first approved inhaled insulin for the treatment of diabetic patients, has been shown to be safe and as effective as regular/rapidly acting insulin in improving glycemic control. In addition to controlling postprandial glucose excursions, EXUBERA exerts a major action to reduce fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration. Thus, it has the potential to be used as a monotherapy in Type 2 DM, as well as in combination with an insulin sensitizer in Type 2 DM or in combination with long-acting insulin in both Type 2 DM and Type 1 DM.Keywords
This publication has 57 references indexed in Scilit:
- Nitric Oxide Cytoskeletal–Induced Alterations Reverse the Endothelial Progenitor Cell Migratory Defect Associated With DiabetesDiabetes, 2006
- Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trialThe Lancet, 2005
- Use of Inhaled Insulin in a Basal/Bolus Insulin Regimen in Type 1 Diabetic SubjectsDiabetes Care, 2005
- Influence of acute upper respiratory tract infection on the absorption of inhaled insulin using the AERxR insulin Diabetes Management SystemBritish Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2005
- Availability of Inhaled Insulin Promotes Greater Perceived Acceptance of Insulin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 DiabetesDiabetes Care, 2005
- TechnosphereTM/Insulin - proof of concept study with a new insulin formulation for pulmonary deliveryExperimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 2002
- Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)The Lancet, 1998
- Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)The Lancet, 1998
- NIDDM Patients' Fears and Hopes About Insulin Therapy: The basis of patient reluctanceDiabetes Care, 1997
- Abnormalities of Pulmonary Function in Patients with Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.Internal Medicine, 1992