Stress response in school-age children who have been growth retarded since early childhood
Open Access
- 1 September 1998
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Elsevier BV in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Vol. 68 (3), 691-698
- https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.3.691
Abstract
Approximately 39% of children aged <5 y in developing countries are growth retarded (stunted) and many have poor mental development and behavioral abnormalities. Animal research suggests that an altered stress response may contribute to the negative outcomes following undernutrition. We tested the hypothesis that stunted children have higher salivary cortisol concentrations and heart rates and altered behavior when compared with nonstunted children when social background was controlled for. We compared 30 stunted with 24 nonstunted children, all of whom were 8-10 y old and lived in the same poor areas of Kingston, Jamaica. All subjects were participants in a prospective, longitudinal, case-control study of children who were stunted in early childhood. We administered a test session (including psychologic and physical stressors), measured baseline and response levels of salivary cortisol and heart rate, and observed behavior. Compared with nonstunted children, stunted children had higher salivary cortisol concentrations (P = 0.007), had higher heart rates during the psychologic test session (P = 0.03), exhibited enhanced cardiovascular responsivity to a physical stressor (P = 0.04), vocalized less, were more inhibited, and were less attentive. After birth weight or social background and maternal and child intelligence quotients were controlled for, the differences in cortisol concentration and cardiovascular reactivity remained significant. Our findings suggest that consistent growth retardation since early childhood affects physiologic arousal, which, we speculate, may contribute to the poor cognitive functioning and immune responses of stunted children and the relation between adult short stature and increased cardiovascular risk.This publication has 37 references indexed in Scilit:
- Size at birth and adrenocortical function in childhoodClinical Endocrinology, 1996
- Physical activity, undernutrition and child developmentProceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1994
- Event-Related Potentials in Year-Old Infants: Relations with Emotionality and CortisolChild Development, 1994
- Vascular disease risk factors, urinary free cortisol, and health histories in older adults: Shyness and gender interactionsBiological Psychology, 1993
- Family History of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Changes During High and Low Affect ProvocationPsychophysiology, 1992
- Cardiovascular responses to sustained hand grip in chronically undernourished subjectsInternational Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1992
- Behaviorally-Evoked Cardiovascular Reactivity and Hypertension: Conceptual Issues and Potential AssociationsAnnals of Behavioral Medicine, 1990
- Short Stature, Lung Function and Risk of a Heart AttackInternational Journal of Epidemiology, 1989
- Psychosocial aspects of constitutional short stature: Social competence, behavior problems, self-esteem, and family functioningThe Journal of Pediatrics, 1982
- The effects of protein supplementation on the growth and skeletal maturation of New Guinean school childrenAnnals of Human Biology, 1978