Bacterial Biofilms in Otitis Media
- 1 October 2007
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) in The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
- Vol. 26 (10), S17-S19
- https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e318154b273
Abstract
The addition of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) to the routine immunization schedule in the United States for infants has produced a much more favorable impact on the incidence of acute otitis media (AOM) than anticipated. Because the serotypes included in PCV7 were those most frequently expressing antibiotic resistance in 2001, predictions were made that up to 98% of pneumococcal AOM episodes would be caused by penicillin susceptible strains. However, recent studies have shown that the benefits of PCV7 are becoming eroded. Replacement serotypes of pneumococci have emerged, expressing polysaccharide capsules different from those included in PCV7, with increasing frequency. These replacement strains are coming to dominate in the nasopharynx and in AOM isolates (and in invasive disease). Expansion in the isolation of serotypes 3, 7F, 15B/C/F, 19A, 22F, 33F, and 38 has been described in various surveillance systems. Pneumococcal strains expressing non-PCV7 capsular serotypes also appear to be rapidly acquiring resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics. Emergence of strains of pneumococci expressing non-PCV7 capsular serotypes is occurring by multiple mechanisms including capsular switching as suggested by molecular epidemiology studies. Expansion of the number of serotypes included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines is needed to sustain a long-term benefit from immunization against these bacteria.Keywords
This publication has 17 references indexed in Scilit:
- Haemophilus influenzaeForms Biofilms on Airway EpitheliaAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2006
- Phenotypic Characterization ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeBiofilm DevelopmentJournal of Bacteriology, 2006
- Biofilm Growth Increases Phosphorylcholine Content and Decreases Potency of NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeEndotoxinsInfection and Immunity, 2006
- Biofilm Formation by Moraxella catarrhalis In Vitro: Roles of the UspA1 Adhesin and the Hag HemagglutininInfection and Immunity, 2006
- Identification of biofilm proteins in non-typeable Haemophilus InfluenzaeBMC Microbiology, 2006
- Haemophilus influenzae luxS mutants form a biofilm and have increased virulenceMicrobial Pathogenesis, 2005
- Host-derived sialic acid is incorporated into Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide and is a major virulence factor in experimental otitis mediaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003
- Mucosal Biofilm Formation on Middle-Ear Mucosa in the Chinchilla Model of Otitis MediaJAMA, 2002
- Biofilm formation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: strain variability, outer membrane antigen expression and role of piliBMC Microbiology, 2002
- Evidence of Bacterial Metabolic Activity in Culture-Negative Otitis Media With EffusionJAMA, 1998