Amyloid seeds formed by cellular uptake, concentration, and aggregation of the amyloid-beta peptide

Abstract

One of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the amyloid plaque, primarily composed of aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. In vitro, Aβ_1–42, the major alloform of Aβ found in plaques, self-assembles into fibrils at micromolar concentrations and acidic pH. Such conditions do not exist in the extracellular fluid of the brain where the pH is neutral and Aβ concentrations are in the nanomolar range. Here, we show that extracellular soluble Aβ (sAβ) at concentrations as low as 1 nM was taken up by murine cortical neurons and neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) cells but not by human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Following uptake, Aβ accumulated in Lysotracker-positive acidic vesicles (likely late endosomes or lysosomes) where effective concentrations (>2.5 μM) were greater than two orders of magnitude higher than that in the extracellular fluid (25 nM), as quantified by fluorescence intensity using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Furthermore, SHSY5Y cells incubated with 1 μM Aβ_1–42 for several days demonstrated a time-dependent increase in intracellular high molecular weight (HMW) (>200 kDa) aggregates, which were absent in cells grown in the presence of Aβ_1–40. Homogenates from these Aβ_1–42-loaded cells were capable of seeding amyloid fibril growth. These results demonstrate that Aβ can be taken up by certain cells at low physiologically relevant concentrations of extracellular Aβ, and then concentrated into endosomes/lysosomes. At high concentrations, vesicular Aβ aggregates to form HMW species which are capable of seeding amyloid fibril growth. We speculate that extrusion of these aggregates may seed extracellular amyloid plaque formation during AD pathogenesis.