The second rule of Amir Sher Ali Khan (1868-1878) has a special place in the contemporary history of Afghanistan. During this period, new features of the political, administrative, and cultural system were introduced, new institutions were established in the country, and efforts were made to flourish civilization. He is one of the most broad-minded kings in the modern history of Afghanistan who has done his best for the development of Afghanistan. This article discusses the political, social, and cultural reforms of the second sovereignty of Amir Sher Ali Khan to create a sequence of historical events and take a chronological form, therefore, before his rule and especially; during the reign of his father Amir Dost Mohammad Khan, several reform programs have been briefly discussed, which were the base for his reform’s strategy. In the conclusion of this article, we can reach to the significant political, social, a cultural reform of Amir Shir Ali Khan to the administration of new Afghanistan. During the period, he faced to a series of internal problems and a big game played between the Russian and British colonial circles and it didn’t allow him to carry out all his plans. The British invaded Afghanistan for the second time and ended its rule, and affected the designed programs for flourishing the new civilization. Afghanistan was left behind in the caravan of global progress.