Abstract
Nearly steady, uniform, essentially two‐dimensional (except for grain spins) flows of 6‐mm‐diameter cellulose‐acetate spheres were generated in an inclined glass‐walled channel 3.7 m long and just 6.25 mm wide. The bed consisted of spheres like those in the flows, which were glued with random spacing to an aluminum bar. Filming was done with a 16‐mm camera at rates from 40 to 120 times normal. The flows were almost entirely inertial. They typically consist of three zones: a basal grain‐layer gliding zone, in which irregular layers of grains slide over one another in card‐deck shear fashion and free paths are short; a middle chaotic zone, in which grain motions are highly random and homogeneous, as in a dense gas, and free paths are about a grain diameter; and a superincumbent saltational zone, in which grain motions are also gas‐like but free paths are long and noticeably curved. Steepening the inclination or reducing the discharge can eliminate the grain‐layer gliding and chaotic zones entirely, whereas the converse can diminish markedly the saltational zone. Translational energy loss in impacts is approximately normally distributed about a mean of 27% and is independent of relative velocity of impact. Profiles of mean downstream velocity, granular temperature (mean‐square fluctuation velocity), and bulk density in a flow almost wholly saltational show slip at the bed of 20% of the mean flow velocity, temperature a maximum midway in the flow, and density decreasing almost linearly with distance from the bed.