Shock Waves in Weakly Compressed Granular Media

Abstract

We experimentally probe nonlinear wave propagation in weakly compressed granular media and observe a crossover from quasilinear sound waves at low impact to shock waves at high impact. We show that this crossover impact grows with the confining pressure $P_0$, whereas the shock wave speed is independent of $P_0$—two hallmarks of granular shocks predicted recently. The shocks exhibit surprising power law attenuation, which we model with a logarithmic law implying that shock dissipation is weak and qualitatively different from other granular dissipation mechanisms. We show that elastic and potential energy balance in the leading part of the shocks. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.218003 © 2013 American Physical Society