Assignment of Enzymatic Functions to Specific Regions of the PLP-Dependent Heme Protein Cystathionine β-Synthase

Abstract

Cystathionine β-synthase is a unique heme protein that catalyzes a pyridoxal phosphate (or PLP)-dependent β-replacement reaction. The reaction involves the condensation of serine and homocysteine and constitutes one of the two major avenues for detoxification of homocysteine in mammals. The enzyme is allosterically regulated by S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). In this study, we have characterized the kinetic, spectroscopic, and ligand binding properties of a truncated catalytic core of cystathionine β-synthase extending from residues 1 through 408 in which the C-terminal 143 residues have been deleted. This is similar to a natural variant of the protein that has been described in a homocystinuric patient in which the predicted peptide is 419 amino acids in length. Truncation leads to the formation of a dimeric enzyme in contrast to the tetrameric organization of the native enzyme. Some of the kinetic properties of the truncated enzyme are different from the full-length form, most notably, significantly higher K_ms for the two substrates, and loss of activation by AdoMet. This is paralleled by the absence of AdoMet binding to the truncated form, whereas four AdoMet molecules bind cooperatively to the full-length tetrameric enzyme with a K_d of 7.4 μM. Steady-state kinetic analysis indicates that the order of substrate addition is important. Thus, preincubation of the enzyme with homocysteine leads to a 2-fold increase in V_max relative to preincubation of the enzyme with serine. Since the intracellular concentration of serine is significantly greater than that of homocysteine, the physiological significance of this phenomenon needs to be considered. Based on ligand binding studies and homology searches with protein sequences in the database, we assign residues 68−209 as being important for PLP binding, residues 241−341 for heme binding, and residues 421−469 for AdoMet binding.