The clinical use of the “average” reference electrode in monopolar recording

Abstract

1. (1) A new type of “reference electrode” which is, in effect, an “average” electrode made up of all of the scalp electrodes connected together through high resistance is described. 2. (2) This electrode requires no change in construction of present apparatus and only minimal additions to the patient connections in standard plug boxes. The “average” reference electrode permits recording of individual potential changes from single electrodes more clearly than any method previously described. 3. (3) It can be used more effectively for localization of abnormal activity than previous so-called monopolar connections and is probably at least as useful in this respect as any bipolar connections so far devised.