Cytokine Polarization in Miliary and Pleural Tuberculosis
- 1 January 2002
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Journal of Clinical Immunology
- Vol. 22 (6), 345-352
- https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020604331886
Abstract
Cytokines were measured in patients with pleural effusion and miliary tuberculosis (TB). Patients with pleural effusion had significantly higher interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels (P < 0.001) in their pleural fluid as compared to that of peripheral blood of the same patients, thus exhibiting localization of predominantly Th1-type immunity in the pleural fluid. On the contrary, patients with miliary TB had higher IFN-γ levels in the peripheral blood as compared to their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, the median IFN-γ : IL-4 ratio in the peripheral blood of miliary TB patients was two-fold higher as compared to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, suggesting that the cytokine profile at the disease site is skewed toward a Th2-like bias. Further, flow cytometry data revealed a significantly higher (P < 0.001) percentage of CD4+ pleural fluid lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ, whereas in the miliary TB, a nine-fold higher percentage of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid expressed IL-4 in comparison with their peripheral CD4 T cells. Our data indicate, respectively, a Th1-like and Th2-like response in tuberculous pleural effusion and miliary TB, suggesting that these clinical forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis probably reflect the extreme ends of a Th1–Th2 spectrum of the disease.Keywords
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