Localization and Quantification of Drugs in Animal Tissues by Use of Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Abstract

Mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) has emerged as a powerful technique to obtain spatial arrangement of individual molecular ions in animal tissues. Ambient desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) technique is uniquely suited for such imaging experiments, as it can be performed on animal tissues in their native environment without prior treatments. Although MSI has become a rapid growing technique for localization of proteins, lipids, drugs, and endogenous compounds in different tissues, quantification of imaged targets has not been explored extensively. Here we present a novel MSI approach for localization and quantification of drugs in animal thin tissue sections. DESI-MSI using an Orbitrap mass analyzer in full scan mode was performed on 6 μm coronal brain sections from rats that were administered 2.5 mg/kg clozapine. Clozapine was localized and quantified in individual brain sections 45 min postdose. External calibration curves were prepared by micropipetting standards with internal standard (IS) on top of the tissues, and average response factors were calculated for the scans in which both clozapine and IS were detected. All response factors were normalized to area units. Quantifications from DESI-MSI revealed 0.2–1.2 ng of clozapine in individual brain sections, results that were further confirmed by extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis.