Moving nitrogen to the centre of plant defence against pathogens
Open Access
- 2 September 2016
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Annals of Botany
- Vol. 119 (5), 703-709
- https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw179
Abstract
Background Plants require nitrogen (N) for growth, development and defence against abiotic and biotic stresses. The extensive use of artificial N fertilizers has played an important role in the Green Revolution. N assimilation can involve a reductase series ( → → ) followed by transamination to form amino acids. Given its widespread use, the agricultural impact of N nutrition on disease development has been extensively examined. Scope When a pathogen first comes into contact with a host, it is usually nutrient starved such that rapid assimilation of host nutrients is essential for successful pathogenesis. Equally, the host may reallocate its nutrients to defence responses or away from the site of attempted infection. Exogenous application of N fertilizer can, therefore, shift the balance in favour of the host or pathogen. In line with this, increasing N has been reported either to increase or to decrease plant resistance to pathogens, which reflects differences in the infection strategies of discrete pathogens. Beyond considering only N content, the use of or fertilizers affects the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions. feeding augments hypersensitive response- (HR) mediated resistance, while ammonium nutrition can compromise defence. Metabolically, enhances production of polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, which are established defence signals, with nutrition leading to increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels which may be a nutrient source for the pathogen. Within the defensive N economy, the roles of nitric oxide must also be considered. This is mostly generated from by nitrate reductase and is elicited by both pathogen-associated microbial patterns and gene-for-gene-mediated defences. Nitric oxide (NO) production and associated defences are therefore dependent and are compromised by . Conclusion This review demonstrates how N content and form plays an essential role in defensive primary and secondary metabolism and NO-mediated events.
Keywords
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