Aminopenicillin-induced exanthema allows treatment with certain cephalosporins or phenoxymethyl penicillin

Abstract

Aminopenicillin-induced exanthema poses a problem in the management of infectious diseases. Due to theoretically possible immunological cross-reactivity, all β-lactam drugs, i.e. penicillins, penicillin derivatives and cephalosporins, are usually avoided. The available alternative antibiotics (macrolides, quinolones and glycopeptides) may be less effective, have more side effects, and their use increases medical costs. Moreover, their use contributes to the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that patients with aminopenicillin-induced exanthema may receive specific β-lactams for future antibiotic therapy. Skin testing followed by oral challenges to identify β-lactams that are tolerated by patients despite confirmed delayed-type non-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins. Sixty-nine out of 71 patients (97.2%) with non-IgE-mediated allergic hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins tolerate cephalosporins without an aminobenzyl side chain such as cefpodoxime or cefixime and 51 patients (71.8%) also tolerate phenoxymethyl penicillin. The majority of patients with non-IgE-mediated allergic hypersensitivity to aminopenicillins do not cross-react to certain cephalosporins or phenoxymethyl penicillin. Skin and drug challenge tests can be helpful to determine individual cross-reactivity.