Numbering more than three million, Turkish citizens constitute one of the largest and most widely dispersed immigrant groups in Western Europe. They are the largest single group in Germany (approximately 2.2 million), the Netherlands (approximately 154,000), and Denmark (approximately 36,000). 4 Given that more than two-thirds of the Turkish citizens live in Germany, this article mainly draws on empirical examples from this country. Almost all of the communities originate in post-World War II labor recruitment. But a large percentage of Turkish citizens living in Western Europe were actually raised or even born there. A small proportion of [End Page 24] Turkish citizens in Western Europe arrived as asylum seekers. 5