Optimizing the morphology of metal multilayer films for indium tin oxide (ITO)-free inverted organic solar cells

Abstract

We present metalmultilayers consisting of aluminum and silver in different combinations serving as semitransparent top contacts for organic solar cells.Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and optical spectroscopy are used to illustrate how ultrathin Al interlayers influence the morphology of Ag layers evaporated on top of organic materials and how closed layers with good conductivity can be achieved. Multilayermetal contacts are used to fabricate top-illuminated small-molecule organic solar cells (SM-OSCs) which reach efficiencies comparable to conventional SM-OSCs that employ tin-doped indium oxide as electrode. It is shown that combinations of Al and Au lead to similar results, suggesting a similar mechanism for the influence on morphological development of both Ag and Au.