High Mobility Group A Proteins as Tumor Markers
Open Access
- 25 March 2015
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Frontiers Media SA in Frontiers in Medicine
- Vol. 2, 15
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2015.00015
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, overexpression of HMGA proteins was associated with malignant phenotype of rat thyroid cells transformed with murine retroviruses. Thereafter, several studies have analyzed HMGA expression in a wide range of human neoplasias. Here, we summarize all these results that, in the large majority of the cases, confirm the association of HMGA overexpression with high malignant phenotype as outlined by chemoresistance, spreading of metastases, and a global poor survival. Even though HMGA proteins’ overexpression indicates a poor prognosis in almost all malignancies, their detection may be particularly useful in determining the prognosis of breast, lung, and colon carcinomas, suggesting for the treatment a more aggressive therapy. In particular, the expression of HMGA2 in lung carcinomas is frequently associated with the presence of metastases. Moreover, recent data revealed that often the cause for the high HMGA proteins levels detected in human malignancies is a deregulated expression of non-coding RNA. Therefore, the HMGA proteins represent tumor markers whose detection can be a valid tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of neoplastic diseases.Keywords
This publication has 63 references indexed in Scilit:
- WNT10B/β‐catenin signalling induces HMGA2 and proliferation in metastatic triple‐negative breast cancerEMBO Molecular Medicine, 2013
- HMGA1 Induces Intestinal Polyposis in Transgenic Mice and Drives Tumor Progression and Stem Cell Properties in Colon Cancer CellsPLOS ONE, 2012
- Overexpression of HMGA2 Promotes Metastasis and Impacts Survival of Colorectal CancersClinical Cancer Research, 2011
- Suppression of lung adenocarcinoma progression by Nkx2-1Nature, 2011
- Identification of a New Pathway for Tumor Progression: MicroRNA-181b Up-Regulation and CBX7 Down-Regulation by HMGA1 ProteinGenes & Cancer, 2010
- HMGA1 correlates with advanced tumor grade and decreased survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomaLaboratory Investigation, 2010
- MicroRNA Expression, Survival, and Response to Interferon in Liver CancerThe New England Journal of Medicine, 2009
- Frequent overexpression of HMGA1 and 2 in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and its relationship to let-7 downregulationBritish Journal of Cancer, 2009
- Presenting and exploring biological pathways with PathVisioBMC Bioinformatics, 2008
- Breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-positive tumors: being younger and getting less benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen treatmentZeitschrift für Krebsforschung und Klinische Onkologie, 2008