Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem, 1988–2008: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis
- 1 September 2010
- journal article
- Published by SAGE Publications in Review of General Psychology
- Vol. 14 (3), 261-268
- https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019919
Abstract
Three meta-analyses find increases over the generations in Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE) scores between 1988 and 2008 among American middle school ( d = 0.78, n = 10,119), high school ( d = 0.39, n = 16,669), and college students ( d = 0.30, n = 28,918). The changes are consistent with an increasing emphasis on self-worth in American culture and, for high school students, with small increases in academic competence over time. College students’ scores change only when the RSE is administered with a 4-point Likert scale with no midpoint. By 2008, a score of 40 (perfect self-esteem) was the modal response of college students, chosen by 18% of participants; 51% scored 35 or over. Given these shifts in responses, the possibility of revising the RSE is discussed.This publication has 28 references indexed in Scilit:
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