Real-World Emissions from a Modern Production Vehicle Driven in Los Angeles

Abstract

The emissions of hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide from one modern vehicle were measured using on-board instrumentation during about 350 miles of driving in Los Angeles, California. Emissions during on-road driving were compared to those obtained on dynamometers using the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). Although this study only used one driver and vehicle, tested over a relatively short distance, the analysis technique may be useful for a larger evaluation of off-cycle emissions. The test vehicle had low warmed-up running emissions over the UDDS and for most of the on-road testing where the air-to-fuel ratio was maintained at the stoichiometric point. However, occasional heavily-loaded conditions during the on-road testing led to richerthan-stoiehiometric operation. During these brief enrichment events, which lasted up to 29 seconds, CO emissions were increased by a factor of 2500 and HC by a factor of 40 over closed-loop stoichiometric operation. Nitrogen oxide emissions were similar during low-load stoichiometric operation and high-load enriched operation. The relatively constant gram-per-second emission rate of CO and HC observed during enriched operation suggests that such information can be combined with determinations of the frequency of enrichment for a large number of vehicles with similar calibrations to estimate the impact of the additional emissions from enrichment on emissions inventories.