Predictors of Nephrolithiasis, Osteoporosis, and Mortality in Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Abstract

Context Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has a prevalence of 0.86% and is associated with increased risk of nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis. PHPT may also be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Objective To identify risk factors for nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and mortality in PHPT. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University teaching hospital. Patients Presented with PHPT between 2006 and 2014 (n = 611). Main Outcome Measure Assessment of nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and mortality. Results Of patients with PHPT, 13.9% had nephrolithiasis. Most had previously documented stone disease, and only 4.7% of asymptomatic patients who were screened for renal stones had calculi identified, not very dissimilar to the rate in the non-PHPT population. Younger age (P < 0.001) and male sex (P = 0.003) were the only independent predictors of nephrolithiasis. Of patients with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data, 48.4% had osteoporosis (223/461). Older age (P < 0.001), lower body mass index (P = 0.002), and lower creatinine (P = 0.006) were independently associated with a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Higher PTH was independently associated with lower z score at the hip (P = 0.009); otherwise, calcium and PTH were not associated with lower z scores. Mortality in PHPT was associated with older age (P < 0.008), social deprivation (P = 0.028), and adjusted calcium (P = 0.009) but not independently with PTH at diagnosis. Conclusions Screening for nephrolithiasis has a low yield, particularly in lower risk patients. Osteoporosis is only minimally associated with biochemical indices of PHPT. Mortality is associated with higher calcium (and possibly vitamin D deficiency) but not PTH.