Consistent proximal branching of the latissimus dorsi neurovascular anatomy permits surgical splitting of the myocutaneous unit into two flaps. Either or both branches of the split flap can be independently transferred. Experimental and clinical applications of this flap, which illustrate several of its uses and advantages, are presented. Applications include simultaneous provision of cover and lining flaps for head and neck reconstruction, motor transfers with split muscle branches, preservation of motor function in the flap donor site with one split muscle branch, and microvascular free tissue transfer of the branched flap or of individual branches.