Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother–toddler and father–toddler dyads
- 14 July 2005
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in Infant Mental Health Journal
- Vol. 26 (4), 327-353
- https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20056
Abstract
Recent research has revealed gender differences in emotional communication and affect regulation during early mother–child interactions that are consistent with later gender differences in relational behavior. The current study extends those findings to father–child interactions. Parent–toddler dyads were videotaped during quiet indoor play when the toddlers were 19 and 24 months old. The observations were coded with Biringen, Robinson, and Emde's (1998) Emotional Availability scales (3rd ed.), which yields scores for parent sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, and nonhostility, and for child responsiveness to and involvement of the parent. Analyses of mean differences revealed a consistent pattern of larger parent than child gender differences. Dyadic analyses revealed more complex results. Mother–daughter dyads displayed the highest scores, followed by mother–son, then father–daughter, and finally father–son dyads for all variables but hostility, which by 24 months was higher in same-sex than in opposite-sex dyads. Scores for father–son dyads more often fell below the scale point indicating “good enough” parenting than scores for other dyads. The inclusion of fathers in the sample extends previous findings both by eliciting an increased range of variation within child gender and by providing a first look at the emotional availability of fathers relative to that of mothers.Keywords
This publication has 50 references indexed in Scilit:
- Leading comment Children of lesbian mothers: From the 1970s to the new MillenniumSexual and Relationship Therapy, 2000
- Emotional availability and attachment representations in kibbutz infants and their mothers.Developmental Psychology, 1999
- Integrating an emotional regulation perspective in a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitationJournal of Community Psychology, 1997
- Mother-infant reengagement following the still-face: The role of maternal emotional availability an infant affect regulationInfant Behavior and Development, 1996
- Gender and emerging autonomy in developmentPsychoanalytic Inquiry, 1995
- The Contribution of Mother-Child and Father-Child Relationships to the Quality of Sibling Interaction: A Longitudinal StudyChild Development, 1992
- Emotion Socialization and Expressive Development in Preterm and Full-Term InfantsChild Development, 1986
- Attachment behavior outdoors: Naturalistic observations of sex and age differences in the separation behavior of young childrenInfant Behavior and Development, 1982
- Learning Display Rules: The Socialization of Emotion Expression in InfancyChild Development, 1982
- Mutuality in Mother-Infant InteractionJournal of Communication, 1977