Calcium-Antimony Alloys as Electrodes for Liquid Metal Batteries
Open Access
- 3 September 2014
- journal article
- Published by The Electrochemical Society in Journal of the Electrochemical Society
- Vol. 161 (12), A1898-A1904
- https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0801412jes
Abstract
The performance of a calcium-antimony (Ca-Sb) alloy serving as the positive electrode in a Ca∥Sb liquid metal battery was investigated in an electrochemical cell, Ca(in Bi) | LiCl-NaCl-CaCl2 | Ca(in Sb). The equilibrium potential of the Ca-Sb electrode was found to lie on the interval, 1.2–0.95 V versus Ca, in good agreement with electromotive force (emf) measurements in the literature. During both alloying and dealloying of Ca at the Sb electrode, the charge transfer and mass transport at the interface are facile enough that the electrode potential varies linearly from 0.95 to 0.75 V vs Ca(s) as current density varies from 50 to 500 mA cm−2. The discharge capacity of the Ca∥Sb cells increases as the operating temperature increases due to the higher solubility and diffusivity of Ca in Sb. The cell was successfully cycled with high coulombic efficiency (∼100%) and small fade rate (−1). These data combined with the favorable costs of these metals and salts make the Ca∥Sb liquid metal battery attractive for grid-scale energy storage.Keywords
This publication has 23 references indexed in Scilit:
- Calcium–bismuth electrodes for large-scale energy storage (liquid metal batteries)Journal of Power Sources, 2013
- Thermodynamic properties of calcium–magnesium alloys determined by emf measurementsElectrochimica Acta, 2013
- Liquid Metal Batteries: Past, Present, and FutureChemical Reviews, 2012
- Determination and modeling of the thermodynamic properties of liquid calcium–antimony alloysElectrochimica Acta, 2012
- Addressing the terawatt challenge: scalability in the supply of chemical elements for renewable energyRSC Advances, 2012
- Thermodynamic properties of calcium–bismuth alloys determined by emf measurementsElectrochimica Acta, 2012
- Magnesium–Antimony Liquid Metal Battery for Stationary Energy StorageJournal of the American Chemical Society, 2012
- Thermodynamic and Mass Transport Properties of “ LiAl ”Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1979
- Solubilities of calcium in liquid calcium chloride in equilibrium with calcium-copper alloysThe Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1970
- The Electrical Conductivity of Solutions of Metals in Their Molten Halides. VIII. Alkaline Earth Metal Systems1The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1966