Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Urinary Bladder According to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification: Molecular and Clinical Characteristics
- 22 June 2016
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Endocrine Pathology
- Vol. 27 (3), 188-199
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-016-9444-5
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the urinary bladder are a rare type of tumor that account for a small percentage of urinary bladder neoplasms. These tumors of the urinary bladder range from well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms (carcinoids) to the more aggressive subtypes such as small cell carcinoma. Despite the rarity of the neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder, there has been substantial investigation into the underlying genomic, molecular, and the cellular alterations within this group of neoplasms. Accordingly, these findings are increasingly incorporated into the understanding of clinical aspects of these neoplasms. In this review, we provide an overview of recent literature related to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Urinary Bladder. Particular emphasis is placed on molecular alterations and recently described gene expression. The neuroendocrine tumors of the urinary bladder are subdivided into four subtypes. Similar to their pulmonary and other extrapulmonary site counterparts, these have different degrees of neuroendocrine differentiation and morphological features. The clinical aspects of four subtypes of neuroendocrine tumor are discussed with emphasis of the most recent developments in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. An understanding of molecular basis of neuroendocrine tumors will provide a base of knowledge for future investigations into this group of unusual bladder neoplasms.This publication has 125 references indexed in Scilit:
- Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder: a systematic review of the contemporary literatureBMC Urology, 2013
- A Case of the Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary BladderCase Reports in Medicine, 2013
- Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder: a case reportDiagnostic Pathology, 2013
- ERG–TMPRSS2 rearrangement is shared by concurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma and prostatic small cell carcinoma and absent in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: evidence supporting monoclonal originLaboratory Investigation, 2011
- Symptomatic brain metastases from small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: The Netherlands Cancer Institute experience and literature reviewAnnals of Oncology, 2010
- Phase II Study of High-Dose [131I]Metaiodobenzylguanidine Therapy for Patients With Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and ParagangliomaJournal of Clinical Oncology, 2009
- Outcome of recurrent and metastatic small cell carcinoma of the bladderBMC Urology, 2009
- Long-term survival after sequential chemoradiation for limited disease small cell carcinoma of the bladderWorld Journal of Urology, 2008
- Clinical Presentation and Penetrance of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma SyndromesJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006
- A HIF1α Regulatory Loop Links Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Signals in PheochromocytomasPLoS Genetics, 2005