Recent Advances in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
Open Access
- 1 January 2016
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Korean Endocrine Society in Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Vol. 31 (3), 379-385
- https://doi.org/10.3803/enm.2016.31.3.379
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) includes hyperthyroid Graves disease, hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis, and subtle subclinical thyroid dysfunctions. AITD is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental predisposing factors and results in autoimmune deterioration. Data on polymorphisms in the AITD susceptibility genes, related environmental factors, and dysregulation of autoimmune processes have accumulated over time. Over the last decade, there has been progress in the clinical field of AITD with respect to the available diagnostic and therapeutic methods as well as clinical consensus. The updated clinical guidelines allow practitioners to identify the most reasonable and current approaches for proper management. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the genetic and environmental pathogenic mechanisms underlying AITD and introduce the updated set of clinical guidelines for AITD management. We also discuss other aspects of the disease such as management of subclinical thyroid dysfunction, use of levothyroxine plus levotriiodothyronine in the treatment of autoimmune hypothyroidism, risk assessment of long-standing antithyroid drug therapy in recurrent Graves' hyperthyroidism, and future research needs.Keywords
Funding Information
- Dankook University
This publication has 54 references indexed in Scilit:
- Autoimmune thyroid disordersAutoimmunity Reviews, 2015
- Polymorphisms inTSHRandIL1RNgenes and the risk and prognosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditisAutoimmunity, 2013
- Updated analysis of studies on the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 gene A49G polymorphism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis riskEvolution, 2013
- Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in thyroid autoimmunityImmunologic Research, 2012
- Association of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) C1858T gene polymorphism with susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases: a meta-analysisEndocrine Journal, 2012
- CD40 C/T-1 polymorphism plays different roles in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a meta-analysisEndocrine Journal, 2012
- Association of an SNP with intrathymic transcription of TSHR and Graves' disease: a role for defective thymic toleranceHuman Molecular Genetics, 2011
- Association of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) with Graves' diseaseHuman Molecular Genetics, 2009
- A Novel Mutation of the Autoimmune Regulator Gene in an Italian Kindred with Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy, Acting in a Dominant Fashion and Strongly Cosegregating with Hypothyroid Autoimmune ThyroiditisJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2001
- Positional cloning of the APECED geneNature Genetics, 1997