Development of a Ventilatory Classification System in Patients With Heart Failure

Abstract

Background— Ventilatory efficiency, commonly assessed by the minute ventilation (V̇ e )–carbon dioxide production (V̇ co ₂ ) slope, is a powerful prognostic marker in the heart failure population. The purpose of the present study is to refine the prognostic power of the V̇ e /V̇ co ₂ slope by developing a ventilatory class system that correlates V̇ e /V̇ co ₂ cut points to cardiac-related events. Methods and Results— Four hundred forty-eight subjects diagnosed with heart failure were included in this analysis. The V̇ e /V̇ co ₂ slope was determined via cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Subjects were tracked for major cardiac events (mortality, transplantation, or left ventricular assist device implantation) for 2 years after cardiopulmonary exercise testing. There were 81 cardiac-related events (64 deaths, 10 heart transplants, and 7 left ventricular assist device implantations) during the 2-year tracking period. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the overall V̇ e /V̇ co ₂ slope classification scheme was significant (area under the curve: 0.78 [95% CI, 0.73 to 0.83], P P Conclusions— A multiple-level classificatory system based on exercise V̇ e /V̇ co ₂ slope stratifies the burden of risk for the entire spectrum of heart failure severity. Application of this classification is therefore proposed to improve clinical decision making in heart failure.