Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in men
Top Cited Papers
- 25 June 2013
- journal article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Vol. 9 (8), 479-493
- https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.122
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies have demonstrated an association between low levels of testosterone and the above insulin-resistant states, with a prevalence of hypogonadism of up to 50% in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Low levels of testosterone are also associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Hypogonadism and obesity share a bidirectional relationship as a result of the complex interplay between adipocytokines, proinflammatory cytokines and hypothalamic hormones that control the pituitary-testicular axis. Interventional studies have shown beneficial effects of testosterone on components of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance and high levels of cholesterol. Biochemical evidence indicates that testosterone is involved in promoting glucose utilization by stimulating glucose uptake, glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Testosterone is also involved in lipid homeostasis in major insulin-responsive target tissues, such as liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.Keywords
This publication has 164 references indexed in Scilit:
- Effect of 12 months of testosterone replacement therapy on metabolic syndrome components in hypogonadal men: data from the Testim Registry in the US (TRiUS)BMC Endocrine Disorders, 2011
- Estrogen and androgen receptors: regulators of fuel homeostasis and emerging targets for diabetes and obesityTrends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2011
- Adverse Effects of Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2010
- Testosterone Therapy in Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice GuidelineJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2010
- Erectile Dysfunction and MortalityThe Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2009
- Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on the Sex Steroids and Quality of Life in Obese MenJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2009
- Sex Differences of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Risk of Type 2 DiabetesJAMA, 2006
- Testosterone and Atherosclerosis in Aging MenAmerican Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 2005
- Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled TrialJAMA, 2002
- Effect of raising endogenous testosterone levels in impotent men with secondary hypogonadism: double blind placebo-controlled trial with clomiphene citrateJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 1995