From the 1950s, successive incarnations of European integration were intended to be leaderless. They have shown that much can be achieved without sustained leadership. Attachment to national sovereignty of elites and mass populations has meant that in practice confederalism has been implicitly accepted for the foreseeable future. Three issue clusters are clarified in this book. First, who provided the impetus to integration? Particular insiders episodically exerted decisive innovative influence, while conciliating the jealous champions of national sovereignty, illustrated in this book by case studies of economic and monetary, environmental, and technology policies. Second, the book asks why is the European Union currently leaderless? The weakened Commission and increasingly assertive European Council and Council of Ministers contend to control agenda-setting. Foreign and Security policy shows EU leaderlessness most conspicuously. The reduced capacity of the Franco-German tandem to offer acceptable leadership and British incapacity to join or replace them in overall control are discussed. Third, European integration has nevertheless advanced thanks to the European Court of Justice enforcing agreed policies on laggard national governments, while the European Parliament acts as both ally and constraint on the Commission, Council of Ministers, and rotating presidency in improving incremental changes. So, the European Union muddles forward.