Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Egypt
- 1 March 2016
- journal article
- Published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Vol. 22 (3), 379-388
- https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2203.150593
Abstract
In Egypt, avian influenza A subtype H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are enzootic in poultry. The control plan devised by veterinary authorities in Egypt to prevent infections in poultry focused mainly on vaccination and ultimately failed. Recently, widespread H5N1 infections in poultry and a substantial increase in the number of human cases of H5N1 infection were observed. We summarize surveillance data from 2009 through 2014 and show that avian influenza viruses are established in poultry in Egypt and are continuously evolving genetically and antigenically. We also discuss the epidemiology of human infection with avian influenza in Egypt and describe how the true burden of disease is underestimated. We discuss the failures of relying on vaccinating poultry as the sole intervention tool. We conclude by highlighting the key components that need to be included in a new strategy to control avian influenza infections in poultry and humans in Egypt.Keywords
This publication has 26 references indexed in Scilit:
- Microevolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Isolated from Humans, Egypt, 2007–2011Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2013
- Adjuvant solution for pandemic influenza vaccine productionProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012
- Evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in Egypt indicating progressive adaptationArchiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, 2012
- Continuing Threat of Influenza (H5N1) Virus Circulation in EgyptEmerging Infectious Diseases, 2011
- Immunogenetic Factors Associated with Severe Respiratory Illness Caused by Zoonotic H1N1 and H5N1 Influenza VirusesJournal of Immunology Research, 2011
- The Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects of Influenza H5N1 Viruses at the Human-Animal Interface in EgyptPLOS ONE, 2011
- What is the evidence of a role for host genetics in susceptibility to influenza A/H5N1?Epidemiology and Infection, 2010
- Protective Efficacy of the H5 Inactivated Vaccine Against Different Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in China and VietnamAvian Diseases, 2010
- Phase I and II randomised trials of the safety and immunogenicity of a prototype adjuvanted inactivated split-virus influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in healthy adultsVaccine, 2008
- Recommendations from the Avian Influenza Vaccine WorkshopAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006