Physico-Chemical, Biological and Therapeutic Characteristics of Electrolyzed Reduced Alkaline Water (ERAW)
Open Access
- 16 December 2013
- Vol. 5 (4), 2094-2115
- https://doi.org/10.3390/w5042094
Abstract
The consumption of alkaline reduced water produced by domestic electrolysis devices was approved in Japan in 1965 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for the cure of gastro-intestinal disorders. Today, these devices are freely available in several countries and can be easily purchased without reserve. The commercial information included with the device recommends the consumption of 1–1.5 L of water per day, not only for gastro-intestinal disorders but also for numerous other illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, etc. Academic research in Japan on this subject has been undergoing since 1990 only but has established that the active ingredient is dissolved dihydrogen that eliminates the free radical HO• in vivo. In addition, it was demonstrated that degradation of the electrodes during functioning of the device releases very reactive nanoparticles of platinum, the toxicity of which has not yet been clearly proven. This report recommends alerting health authorities of the uncontrolled availability of these devices used as health products, but which generate drug substances and should therefore be sold according to regulatory requirements.This publication has 47 references indexed in Scilit:
- Estimation of Molecular Hydrogen Consumption in the Human Whole Body After the Ingestion of Hydrogen-Rich WaterAdvances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 2011
- Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicalsNature Medicine, 2007
- Anti-Diabetic Effect of Alkaline-Reduced Water on OLETF RatsBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2006
- Studies on the Properties and Real Existence of Aqueous Solution Systems that are Assumed to Have Antioxidant Activities by the Action of "Active Hydrogen"Journal of Health Science, 2004
- The mechanism of the enhanced antioxidant effects against superoxide anion radicals of reduced water produced by electrolysisBiophysical Chemistry, 2004
- Protective mechanism of reduced water against alloxan-induced pancreatic β-cell damage: Scavenging effect against reactive oxygen speciesCytotechnology, 2002
- Changes in the Relevant Test Parameters of 101 Diabetes Patients under the Influence of the So-Called “Nordenau-Phenomenon”Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC ,2002
- Suppressive Effect of Electrolyzed-Reduced Water on the Growth of Cancer Cells and MicroorganismsPublished by Springer Science and Business Media LLC ,2001
- Antioxidant effects of reduced water produced by electrolysis of sodium chloride solutionsJournal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2001
- Electrolyzed–Reduced Water Scavenges Active Oxygen Species and Protects DNA from Oxidative DamageBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997