Okadaic Acid: More than a Diarrheic Toxin
Top Cited Papers
Open Access
- 31 October 2013
- journal article
- review article
- Published by MDPI AG in Marine Drugs
- Vol. 11 (11), 4328-4349
- https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114328
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is one of the most frequent and worldwide distributed marine toxins. It is easily accumulated by shellfish, mainly bivalve mollusks and fish, and, subsequently, can be consumed by humans causing alimentary intoxications. OA is the main representative diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin and its ingestion induces gastrointestinal symptoms, although it is not considered lethal. At the molecular level, OA is a specific inhibitor of several types of serine/threonine protein phosphatases and a tumor promoter in animal carcinogenesis experiments. In the last few decades, the potential toxic effects of OA, beyond its role as a DSP toxin, have been investigated in a number of studies. Alterations in DNA and cellular components, as well as effects on immune and nervous system, and even on embryonic development, have been increasingly reported. In this manuscript, results from all these studies are compiled and reviewed to clarify the role of this toxin not only as a DSP inductor but also as cause of alterations at the cellular and molecular levels, and to highlight the relevance of biomonitoring its effects on human health. Despite further investigations are required to elucidate OA mechanisms of action, toxicokinetics, and harmful effects, there are enough evidences illustrating its toxicity, not related to DSP induction, and, consequently, supporting a revision of the current regulation on OA levels in food.Keywords
This publication has 134 references indexed in Scilit:
- New Invertebrate Vectors for PST, Spirolides and Okadaic Acid in the North AtlanticMarine Drugs, 2013
- Self-Association of Okadaic Acid: Structural and Pharmacological SignificanceMarine Drugs, 2013
- Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins and Other Lipophilic Toxins of Human Health Concern in Washington StateMarine Drugs, 2013
- Identification of Dynamic Changes in Proteins Associated with the Cellular Cytoskeleton after Exposure to Okadaic AcidMarine Drugs, 2013
- Is Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Responsible for the Toxic Effects of Okadaic Acid in Animals?Toxins, 2013
- Identification of differentially expressed genes in SHSY5Y cells exposed to okadaic acid by suppression subtractive hybridizationBMC Genomics, 2012
- Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells in an estrogen-preventable mannerBrain Research, 2010
- Targets and Effects of Yessotoxin, Okadaic Acid and Palytoxin: A Differential ReviewMarine Drugs, 2010
- Increased systemic and brain cytokine production and neuroinflammation by endotoxin following ethanol treatmentJournal of Neuroinflammation, 2008
- Okadaic Acid, an Apoptogenic Toxin for Symbiotic/Parasitic Annelids in the Demosponge Suberites domunculaApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006