Analysis of Matrix-Bound Nitrofuran Residues in Worldwide-Originated Honeys by Isotope Dilution High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A sensitive and selective isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESIMS/MS) method is presented for the simultaneous analysis of the metabolites of four nitrofuran veterinary drugs, that is, furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofurazone, in honey samples. The method entails a combined hydrolysis of protein-bound drug metabolites and derivatization of the resulting metabolites with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) during an overnight incubation, followed by a liquid-liquid extraction and a cleanup on a polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridge. Mass spectral acquisition is carried out in the positive ion mode by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of three diagnostic transition reactions for each analyte under survey. A reliable quantification is obtained by the use of one deuterated analogue per analyte (NBA-d(4) derivative). The method has been validated in honey according to the European Union criteria for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in food. Expressed in underivatized nitrofuran metabolite concentrations, the decision limits (CCalpha) ranged within 0.07-0.46 microg/kg, and the detection capabilities (CCbeta) were within 0.12-0.56 microg/kg. The method has been successfully applied in a survey of honeys of various geographical origins, showing that furazolidone is the main nitrofuran antibiotic administered to treat bacterial diseases of bees.