Mitotic progression following DNA damage enables pattern recognition within micronuclei

Abstract

The authors report a link between mitosis, the formation of micronuclei and DNA-damage-induced cGAS-dependent inflammation. Ionizing radiation and genotoxic cancer therapy induce innate immunity mechanisms and lead to an increased production of inflammatory cytokines. The delayed nature of this response, which occurs a few days after treatment, is not well understood. Roger Greenberg and colleagues report a link between mitosis, the formation of micronuclei and DNA-damage-induced inflammatory signalling involving the pattern recognition receptor cGAS in cancer cells. The authors advise that temporal modulation of the cell cycle is important to consider in therapeutic approaches involving genotoxic agents and immune checkpoint blockers. Elsewhere in this issue, Andrew Jackson and colleagues provide evidence for an underlying mechanism whereby ruptured micronuclei activate a cell-autonomous inflammatory response via cGAS. Inflammatory gene expression following genotoxic cancer therapy is well documented, yet the events underlying its induction remain poorly understood. Inflammatory cytokines modify the tumour microenvironment by recruiting immune cells and are critical for both local and systemic (abscopal) tumour responses to radiotherapy1. A poorly understood feature of these responses is the delayed onset (days), in contrast to the acute DNA-damage responses that occur in minutes to hours. Such dichotomous kinetics implicate additional rate-limiting steps that are essential for DNA-damage-induced inflammation. Here we show that cell cycle progression through mitosis following double-stranded DNA breaks leads to the formation of micronuclei, which precede activation of inflammatory signalling and are a repository for the pattern-recognition receptor cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS). Inhibiting progression through mitosis or loss of pattern recognition by stimulator of interferon genes (STING)–cGAS impaired interferon signalling. Moreover, STING loss prevented the regression of abscopal tumours in the context of ionizing radiation and immune checkpoint blockade in vivo. These findings implicate temporal modulation of the cell cycle as an important consideration in the context of therapeutic strategies that combine genotoxic agents with immune checkpoint blockade.