Photon avalanche upconversion laser at 644 nm

Abstract
We have obtained efficient laser action from Pr-doped LaCl3 using a novel pumping method. Pump energy is coupled into the crystal through Pr ions in an excited state rather than the ground state. Excited-state absorption is made possible by a regenerative feedback process (the photon avalanche) utilizing cross relaxation to convert the energy of a single ion in a high-lying state into energy shared by multiple lower lying state ions.