Geometrical confinement of gadolinium-based contrast agents in nanoporous particles enhances T1 contrast

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents are currently designed by modifying their structural and physiochemical properties to improve relaxivity and to enhance image contrast. Here, we show a general method for increasing relaxivity by confining contrast agents inside the nanoporous structure of silicon particles. Magnevist, gadofullerenes and gadonanotubes were loaded inside the pores of quasi-hemispherical and discoidal particles. For all combinations of nanoconstructs, a boost in longitudinal proton relaxivity r₁ was observed: Magnevist, r₁ ≈ 14 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹/Gd³⁺ ion (∼8.15 × 10⁺⁷ mM⁻¹ s⁻¹/construct); gadofullerenes, r₁ ≈ 200 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹/Gd³⁺ ion (∼7 × 10⁺⁹ mM⁻¹ s⁻¹/construct); gadonanotubes, r₁ ≈ 150 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹/Gd³⁺ ion (∼2 × 10⁺⁹ mM⁻¹ s⁻¹/construct). These relaxivity values are about 4 to 50 times larger than those of clinically available gadolinium-based agents (∼4 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹/Gd³⁺ ion). The enhancement in contrast is attributed to the geometrical confinement of the agents, which influences the paramagnetic behaviour of the Gd³⁺ ions. Thus, nanoscale confinement offers a new and general strategy for enhancing the contrast of gadolinium-based contrast agents.