Transitions in Oral and Intestinal Microflora Composition and Innate Immune Receptor-Dependent Stimulation during Mouse Development
- 1 February 2010
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Society for Microbiology in Infection and Immunity
- Vol. 78 (2), 639-650
- https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.01043-09
Abstract
Commensal bacteria possess immunostimulatory activities that can modulate host responses to affect development and homeostasis in the intestine. However, how different populations of resident bacteria stimulate the immune system remains largely unknown. We characterized here the ability of intestinal and oral microflora to stimulate individual pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in bone marrow-derived macrophages and mesothelial cells. The intestinal but not oral microflora elicited age- and cell type-specific immunostimulation. The immunostimulatory activity of the intestinal microflora varied among individual mice but was largely mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) during breast-feeding, whereas it became TLR4 independent after weaning. This transition was associated with a change from a microflora rich in TLR4-stimulatory proteobacteria to one dominated by Bacteroidales and/or Clostridiales that poorly stimulate TLR4. The major stimulatory activity of the intestinal microflora was still intact in NOD1-, NOD2-, TLR2-, TLR4-, TLR5-, TLR9-, TLR11-, ASC-, or RICK-deficient cells but still relied on the adaptor MyD88. These studies demonstrate a transition in the intestinal microflora accompanied by a dynamic change of its ability to stimulate different PRRs which control intestinal homeostasis.Keywords
This publication has 51 references indexed in Scilit:
- The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and diseaseNature Reviews Immunology, 2009
- Characterizing a model human gut microbiota composed of members of its two dominant bacterial phylaProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009
- Commensal DNA Limits Regulatory T Cell Conversion and Is a Natural Adjuvant of Intestinal Immune ResponsesImmunity, 2008
- Specific Microbiota Direct the Differentiation of IL-17-Producing T-Helper Cells in the Mucosa of the Small IntestineCell Host & Microbe, 2008
- Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetesNature, 2008
- Diet-Induced Obesity Is Linked to Marked but Reversible Alterations in the Mouse Distal Gut MicrobiomeCell Host & Microbe, 2008
- Developmental switch of intestinal antimicrobial peptide expressionThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2008
- Toll-Like Receptor-4 Promotes the Development of Colitis-Associated Colorectal TumorsGastroenterology, 2007
- Postnatal acquisition of endotoxin tolerance in intestinal epithelial cellsThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2006
- Obesity alters gut microbial ecologyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005