Ventricular tachyarrhythmia as a primary presentation of sarcoidosis

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, granulomatous disease with occasional cardiac manifestations. The clinical course of patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias as a primary presentation of sarcoidosis is mostly unknown. We describe nine patients (four males and five females) in whom sarcoidosis manifested as ventricular tachycardia (VT). The age of the patients was 53 ± 10 years (range 33–68). The disease was diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy in eight patients and by lymph node biopsy in one patient. The presenting arrhythmia varied from non-sustained VT to incessant VT and ventricular fibrillation. All patients received implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and anti-arrhythmic medication. High-dose steroid treatment was used in eight cases. During the follow-up (50 ± 34 months), five patients underwent appropriate ICD therapies and non-sustained VT episodes were detected in four patients. Two patients developed incessant VT, which was treated by catheter ablation. One patient was referred for heart transplantation. Our data indicate that sarcoidosis can manifest as VT without any detectable systemic findings. This makes sarcoidosis an important diagnostic consideration in patients with VT of unknown origin. Arrhythmia control in cardiac sarcoidosis is difficult, and all modern treatments including high-dose steroids, anti-arrhythmic drugs, ICD, and catheter ablation are needed to suppress the arrhythmias.