In this paper we have investigated the influence of climate change during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene on body size of four artiodactyl species : gazelle (Gazella gazella), wild bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and aurochs (Bos primigenius) derived from archaeological sites in the southern Levant. For this purpose a size index was calculated. The advantages of this method over other metrical approaches is discussed. The results of this study show that size fluctuations in all four species follow the same general trend with a marked size reduction between the Kebaran and Early Natufian. A further, but less marked reduction followed for Gazella, Capra and Sus in the PPNA with a size increase in the Late PPNB for Gazella, which is less marked in Capra and Sus. Some of the size fluctuations may be correlated with shifts in the climatic record of this region, while other fluctuations may be ascribed to biological or anthropogenic events.