Measuring rapid hydrogen exchange in the homodimeric 36 kDa HIV‐1 integrase catalytic core domain

Abstract

Measurements of rapid hydrogen exchange (HX) of water with protein amide sites contain valuable information on protein structure and function, but current NMR methods for measuring HX rates are limited in their applicability to large protein systems. An alternate method for measuring rapid HX is presented that is well‐suited for larger proteins, and we apply the method to the deuterated, homodimeric 36 kDa HIV‐1 integrase catalytic core domain (CCD). Using long mixing times for water‐amide magnetization exchange at multiple pH values, HX rates spanning more than four orders of magnitude were measured, as well as NOE cross‐relaxation rates to nearby exchangeable protons. HX protection factors for the CCD are found to be large (>10⁴) for residues along the dimer interface, but much smaller in many other regions. Notably, the catalytic helix (residues 152‐167) exhibits low HX protection at both ends, indicative of fraying at both termini as opposed to just the N‐terminal end, as originally thought. Residues in the LEDGF/p75 binding pocket also show marginal stability, with protection factors in the 10–100 range (∼1.4–2.7 kcal/mol). Additionally, elevated NOE cross‐relaxation rates are identified and, as expected, correspond to proximity of the amide proton to a rapidly exchanging proton, typically from an OH side chain. Indirect NOE transfer between H₂O and the amide proton of I141, a residue in the partially disordered active site of the enzyme, suggests its proximity to the side chain of S147, an interaction seen in the DNA‐bound form for a homologous integrase.