Prevalence of adverse pathology features in grade group 2 prostatectomy specimens with syn‐ or metachronous metastatic disease

Abstract

Background To validate the importance of recently established adverse histopathology features (cribriform pattern and intraductal carcinoma) as contra-indication for deferred treatment of Gleason score 7 (3 + 4) (grade group [GG] 2) prostate cancer, we investigated their frequency in GG2 radical prostatectomies with syn- or metachronous metastatic disease. Methods GG2 prostatectomy specimens of patients with concomitant lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis at follow-up were identified in a clinical database of a tertiary care center and their pathology was reviewed for pathological stage, lymphovascular invasion, Gleason grade 4 subpatterns, presence of tertiary grade 5, and ductal adenocarcinoma histology. A control group of 99 GG2 prostatectomy specimens who had no metastatic disease (controls) was reviewed for the same adverse pathological features. Results Of 1860 GG2 prostatectomy specimens (operated between 2002 and 2020), 45 (2.4%) had concurrent regional lymph node metastases or distant metastases at follow-up. Pathological stage distribution of cases and controls was 24% and 79% pT2, 42% and 15% pT3a, 33% and 6.1% pT3b -T4, respectively (p < 0.001). Eleven of 45 cases (24%) had ≤10% Gleason grade 4 component. Cribriform pattern or intraductal carcinoma was present in 84% of cases versus 34% of controls (p < 0.001), tertiary grade 5 in 16% of cases versus 5% controls (p = 0.05) and ductal adenocarcinoma in 16% of cases versus 2% of controls (p = 0.004). Among the seven cases without cribriform or intraductal carcinoma, two displayed ductal adenocarcinoma features. Conclusions Well-established unfavorable histopathologic features (intraductal and cribriform pattern carcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma) are represented in about 90% of GG2 prostate cancers with local or distant metastatic disease and are much less common (38%) in those without metastatic disease. Strikingly, about 25% of GG2 prostatectomy cases with metastatic disease had an organ-confined disease and/or a small percentage of Gleason grade 4 pattern. This further emphasizes the relative importance of these adverse histopathological features (cribriform, intraductal, and ductal adenocarcinoma) rather than percentage Gleason grade 4 as contra-indicator of deferred treatment for patients with GG2 prostate cancer.