Direct measurement of crystallographic phase by electron diffraction

Abstract
Three-beam diffraction is analyzed in a geometry appropriate for high-energy electron diffraction. An expression for the lowest-order correction to the kinematic intensity is derived from which a prescription for measuring crystallographic-phase invariant is obtained. This analysis is a good approximation for the diffraction observed in large convergence angle electron-diffraction patterns. Phase invariants are measured in the noncentrosymmetric crystal InP to an accuracy of ±15°. The technique provides a general and practical method for measuring phases.