Gene Expression Signatures Predict Outcome in Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Carcinoma: A Multicenter Validation Study

Abstract
Purpose: Clinically useful molecular markers predicting the clinical course of patients diagnosed with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer are needed to improve treatment outcome. Here, we validated four previously reported gene expression signatures for molecular diagnosis of disease stage and carcinoma in situ (CIS) and for predicting disease recurrence and progression.