Particulate Adjuvant and Innate Immunity: Past Achievements, Present Findings, and Future Prospects
Open Access
- 9 April 2013
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Taylor & Francis Ltd in International Reviews of Immunology
- Vol. 32 (2), 209-220
- https://doi.org/10.3109/08830185.2013.773326
Abstract
Particulates and crystals stimulate the immune system to induce inflammatory responses. Several nanometer- to micrometer-sized particulates, such as particle matter 2.5 (PM2.5), diesel particles, and sand dust, induce pulmonary inflammation and allergic asthma. Conversely, nanometer- to micrometer-sized crystal, sphere, and hydrogel forms of aluminum salts (referred to as “alum”) have been used as vaccine adjuvants to enhance antibody responses in animals and humans. Although most of these particulates induce type-2 immune responses in vivo, the molecular and immunological mechanisms of action as a vaccine adjuvant are poorly understood. In this review, recent advances in particulate adjuvant research from the standpoint of innate immune responses are discussed.Keywords
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