Probing the Specific Sorption Sites on Montmorillonite Using Nitroaromatic Compounds and Hexafluorobenzene

Abstract

The objective of this work was to test two possible sorption mechanisms of organic chemicals to montmorillonite: n−π electron-donor−acceptor (EDA) interaction with lone electron pairs of siloxane oxygens (n-donors) and complexation with exchangeable cations. Batch sorption experiments were performed for 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 1,4-dinitrobenzene (π-electron acceptors and cation binders), and hexafluorobenzene (π-electron acceptor only) to homoionic montmorillonites in water or hexane. For all three sorbates, the aqueous sorption affinity showed large cation dependency (Cs⁺ > K⁺ > Na⁺), wherein sorption of hexafluorobenzene to Cs⁺−montmorillonite was the strongest (K_d in the order of 10⁴ L/kg). Change of the solvent media from water to hexane generally favored sorption, indicating suppressive effect by cation hydration. Cosorption of 1,4-dinitrobenzene prominently decreased sorption of 1,3-dinitrobenzene to all cation-exchanged montmorillonites; however, hexafluorobenzene caused strong competition only to Cs⁺−montmorillonite. Furthermore, complexation of exchangeable cations by 18-crown-6 ether dramatically suppressed sorption of 1,3-dinitrobenzene to K⁺−montmorillonite in water and all cation-exchanged montmorillonites in hexane, but not to the rest. The contrast patterns of binary competitive sorption between nitroaromatics and hexafluorobenzene indicated they sorbed to different sites on montmorillonite. It was proposed that sorption of hexafluorobenzene was dominated by n−π EDA interaction, while sorption of nitroaromatics was dominated by cation−polar interaction.