Risk stratification and short-term prognosis in acute heart failure syndromes: A review of novel biomarkers

Abstract

Early risk stratification of patients with acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) can guide the decision to admit the patient to hospital and the choice of therapy. Standard review methodology using Medline and Google scholar from the years 2006-present. Papers before 2006 were reviewed when necessary. Biomarkers used in AHFS are broadly classified based on their mechanism of action: inflammation, renal stress, extracellular matrix remodeling, oxidative stress, cardiac myocyte stress, and neurohormonal regulation. This paper provides a review for clinicians and medical scientists highlighting the most recent advances in biomarkers with application in AHFS.