Carbon sequestration

Abstract

Developing technologies to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from annual emissions of 8.6 Pg C yr^–1from energy, process industry, land-use conversion and soil cultivation is an important issue of the twenty-first century. Of the three options of reducing the global energy use, developing low or no-carbon fuel and sequestering emissions, this manuscript describes processes for carbon (CO₂) sequestration and discusses abiotic and biotic technologies. Carbon sequestration implies transfer of atmospheric CO₂into other long-lived global pools including oceanic, pedologic, biotic and geological strata to reduce the net rate of increase in atmospheric CO₂. Engineering techniques of CO₂injection in deep ocean, geological strata, old coal mines and oil wells, and saline aquifers along with mineral carbonation of CO₂constitute abiotic techniques. These techniques have a large potential of thousands of Pg, are expensive, have leakage risks and may be available for routine use by 2025 and beyond. In comparison, biotic techniques are natural and cost-effective processes, have numerous ancillary benefits, are immediately applicable but have finite sink capacity. Biotic and abiotic C sequestration options have specific nitches, are complementary, and have potential to mitigate the climate change risks.