Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and the kynurenine pathway: characteristics and potential roles in health and disease
- 9 October 2013
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Amino Acids
- Vol. 45 (6), 1319-1329
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1602-1
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route for the oxidative degradation of the amino acid tryptophan. Activity of the pathway is involved in several disease conditions, both in the periphery and the central nervous system, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, neurological conditions, psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Three enzymes are now known to catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan along this pathway: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, subsequently named IDO1), both of which have been extensively studied, and a third enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a relative newcomer to the kynurenine pathway field. The adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent, 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, was intially suggested to target IDO2, implying involvement of IDO2 in tumorigenesis. Subsequently this compound has been suggested to have alternative actions and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of IDO2 are unclear. Targeted genetic interventions and selective inhibitors provide approaches for investigating the biology of IDO2. This review focuses on the current knowledge of IDO2 biology and discusses tools that will assist in further characterizing the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway.Keywords
This publication has 66 references indexed in Scilit:
- IDO inhibits a tryptophan sufficiency signal that stimulates mTOR: A novel IDO effector pathway targeted by D-1-methyl-tryptophanOncoImmunology, 2012
- Reversal of tumoral immune resistance by inhibition of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenaseProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012
- Cardiac and gastrointestinal liabilities caused by deficiency in the immune modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenaseCancer Biology & Therapy, 2011
- Opposing Biological Functions of Tryptophan Catabolizing Enzymes During Intracellular InfectionThe Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2011
- Deficient Tryptophan Catabolism along the Kynurenine Pathway Reveals That the Epididymis Is in a Unique Tolerogenic StatePublished by Elsevier BV ,2011
- Interferon-γ Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Activation of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase (IDO)PLOS ONE, 2011
- Kynurenine is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced during inflammationNature Medicine, 2010
- Genotyping and Expression Analysis of IDO2 in Human Pancreatic Cancer: A Novel, Active TargetJournal of the American College of Surgeons, 2009
- Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is a key modulator of physiological neurogenesis and anxiety-related behavior in miceMolecular Brain, 2009
- Evolution of Vertebrate Indoleamine 2,3-DioxygenasesJournal of Molecular Evolution, 2007