Verapamil and Its Derivative Trigger Apoptosis through Glutathione Extrusion by Multidrug Resistance Protein MRP1
- 15 July 2004
- journal article
- Published by American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) in Cancer Research
- Vol. 64 (14), 4950-4956
- https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0143
Abstract
This study demonstrates that verapamil and a newly synthesized verapamil derivative, NMeOHI2, behave as apoptogens in multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1)-expressing cells. When treated with either verapamil or NMeOHI2, surprisingly, baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK) cells transfected with human MRP1 were killed. Because parental BHK cells were not, as well as cells expressing an inactive (K1333L) MRP1 mutant, this indicated that cell death involved functional MRP1 transporter. Cell death was identified as apoptosis by using annexin V-fluorescein labeling and was no longer observed in the presence of the caspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH2F (Z-VAD-FMK). In vitro, both verapamil and its derivative inhibited leukotriene C4 transport by MRP1-enriched membrane vesicles in a competitive manner, with a Ki of 48.6 μm for verapamil and 5.5 μm for NMeOHI2, and stimulated reduced glutathione (GSH) transport 3-fold and 9-fold, respectively. Treatment of MRP1-expressing cells with either verapamil or the derivative quickly depleted intracellular GSH content with a strong decrease occurring in the first hour of treatment, which preceded cell death beginning at 8–16 h. Furthermore, addition of GSH to the media efficiently prevented cell death. Therefore, verapamil and its derivative trigger apoptosis through stimulation of GSH extrusion mediated by MRP1. This new information on the mechanism of induced apoptosis of MDR cells may represent a novel approach in the selective treatment of MRP1-positive tumors.Keywords
This publication has 30 references indexed in Scilit:
- Diphenyleneiodonium Triggers the Efflux of Glutathione from Cultured CellsOnline Journal of Public Health Informatics, 2002
- Toxicological relevance of the multidrug resistance protein 1, MRP1 (ABCC1) and related transportersToxicology, 2001
- Structure–Activity Studies of Verapamil Analogs That Modulate Transport of Leukotriene C4 and Reduced Glutathione by Multidrug Resistance Protein MRP1Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2000
- Allosteric Interactions between the Two Non-equivalent Nucleotide Binding Domains of Multidrug Resistance Protein MRP1Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 2000
- TrueLeukemia, 1999
- ATP‐ and glutathione‐dependent transport of chemotherapeutic drugs by the multidrug resistance protein MRP1British Journal of Pharmacology, 1999
- Halogenated Chalcones with High-Affinity Binding to P-Glycoprotein: Potential Modulators of Multidrug ResistanceJournal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1998
- Rapid and Specific Efflux of Reduced Glutathione during Apoptosis Induced by Anti-Fas/APO-1 AntibodyJournal of Biological Chemistry, 1996
- Non-oxidative Loss of Glutathione in Apoptosis via GSH ExtrusionBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1995
- Overexpression of a Transporter Gene in a Multidrug-Resistant Human Lung Cancer Cell LineScience, 1992